How to Write IEP (Individualized Education Plan) Goals

How to Write IEP (Individualized Education Plan) Goals An Individualized Education Program (IEP) is a written plan developed for special education students. The IEP is generally updated annually by a team that often includes the special education teacher, special education administrator, general education teacher, specialists such as speech, occupational, and physical therapists, as well as a school nurse. Writing IEP goals correctly is vital to a special education students success because, unlike in general or regular education, students in special education are legally entitled to an education plan specifically tailored to their cognitive and physical ability and needs. The IEP goals lay out the roadmap for providing such an education. Key Takeaways: SMART IEP Goals IEP goals should be SMART: specific, measurable, attainable, results-oriented, and time-bound.SMART IEP goals are realistic for the student to achieve and explain how the student will accomplish them.Smart IEP goals always consider the students present levels of performance and include a brief description of how progress will be measured as well as what constitutes successful completion of each goal. SMART IEP Goals All IEP goals should be SMART goals, an acronym that refers to goals as specific, measurable, achievable, results-oriented, and time-bound. A SMART IEP goal will be realistic for the student to achieve and lay out how the student will accomplish it. Breaking down the components of SMART goals into their specific elements can make them easier to write. Specific: The goal should be specific in naming the skill or subject area and the targeted result. For example, a goal that is not specific might read, Adam will be a better reader. Such a goal fails to provide any details. Measurable: You should be able to measure the goal using standardized tests,  curriculum-based measurements  or screening, work samples, or even teacher-charted data. A goal that is not measurable might read, Joe will get better at solving math problems. Attainable: A lofty goal that is not attainable can discourage both teacher and student. A goal that is not attainable might read, Frank will ride public transportation all over town without any mistakes any time he wants. If Frank has never ridden public transportation, this goal is likely out of reach. Results-oriented: The goal should clearly spell out the expected result. A poorly worded goal might read, Margie will increase her eye contact with others. Theres no way to measure that and no indication of what the result might be. Time-bound: The goal should state specifically by what date the student is expected to accomplish it. A goal lacking a time expectation might read, Joe will explore career opportunities. Consider Present Level of Performance To write SMART goals, the IEP team needs to know the present levels at which the student is functioning. For example, you wouldnt expect a student to learn algebra by the next IEP if she is currently struggling to add two-digit numbers. Its important that the current levels of performance accurately and honestly reflect the students abilities and deficiencies. A report on the present levels of performance often begins with a statement of the students strengths, preferences, and interests. They would then cover: Academic skills: This lists the students ability in math, reading, and writing, and spells out deficiencies in these areas compared to grade-level peers. Communication development: This describes the level of communication at which the student is functioning as well as any deficits compared to same-age peers. If the student has speech deficits or is using vocabulary and sentence structure that are below grade-level peers, that would be noted here. Emotional/social skills: This describes the students social and emotional abilities, such as getting along with others, initiating and taking part in conversations with friends and classmates, and responding appropriately to stress. An issue in this area could interfere with a students ability to learn and interact with teachers and peers. Monitor Progress Once the IEP team has agreed on a set of goals for the year, its important to monitor the students progress toward meeting those goals. The process for monitoring the students progress is often included in the IEP goals themselves. For example, a SMART goal listed previously reads as follows: Penelope will be able to solve two-digit addition problems with 75 percent accuracy as measured by work samples, teacher-charted data, and standardized tests. For this goal, the teacher would collect work samples over a period of time, such as a week or month, to indicate Penelopes progress. Data collection  refers to regularly assessing a student’s success on individual items in her goals, usually at least once a week. For example, the teacher and paraprofessionals might maintain a daily or weekly log that shows how accurately Penelope is solving two-digit multiplication problems on a daily or weekly basis. Review and Update Benchmarks as Needed Since goals are written to cover an entire year, they are generally broken into benchmarks. These might be quarterly periods where the teacher and staff can monitor how well the student is progressing toward the specific goal. For example, the first benchmark might require Penelope to solve two-digit problems with 40 percent accuracy by the end of the first quarter; the second benchmark, three months later, might require her to solve problems at 50 percent accuracy, while a third might call for a 60 percent accuracy rate. If the student is not close to achieving these benchmarks, the team can include an addendum adjusting the final goal to a more reasonable level, such as 50 percent accuracy. Doing so provides the student with a more realistic chance of achieving the goal in the long run. IEP Goal Examples IEP goals should, as noted, follow the SMART acronym, ensuring that they are specific, measurable, achievable, results-oriented, and time-bound. Following are some examples: Adam will be  able to read a passage orally in a grade-level book at 110 to 130 words per minute with no more than 10 errors. This goal is specific because it specifies exactly how many words Adam will be able to read in a minute as well as the acceptable error rate. As another example, a SMART goal that is measurable might read: Penelope will be able to solve two-digit addition problems with 75 percent accuracy as measured by work samples, teacher-charted data, and standardized tests. This goal is measurable because it specifies the desired accuracy percentage on all work samples. A goal that is attainable goal might read: By the next meeting, Joe will travel from school to home safely on a public transportation bus once a week with 100 percent accuracy as measured by teacher-charted data. Put another way, this is a goal that Joe might well be able to reach; hence, it is attainable. A results-oriented goal could state: Margie will look the person speaking to her in the eye 90 percent of the time in four out of five daily opportunities, as measured by teacher-charted data. This goal focuses on results: It specifies what, exactly, the outcome will be if Margie reaches the goal. (Shell be able to look a person in the eye 90 percent of the time.) A time-bound goal, by contrast, might read: By the next meeting, Joe will explore career opportunities through a variety of media (such as books, library, internet, newspaper, or tours of job sites) with 100 percent accuracy in four out of five weekly trials, as measured by teacher-charted observation/data. Importantly, this goal specifies when Joe should reach the goal (by the next meeting, likely a year from the date the goal was initially accepted by the IEP team). With this goal, everyone on the IEP team is aware that Joe is expected to have explored the specified career opportunities by the next meeting.

The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 The Alien and Sedition Acts were four national security bills passed by the 5th U.S. Congress in 1798 and signed into law by President John Adams in the midst of fears that a war with France was imminent. The four laws restricted the rights and actions of U.S. immigrants and limited the First Amendment freedom of speech and freedom of the press rights. The four acts- the Naturalization Act, the Alien Friends Act, the Alien Enemies Act, and the Sedition Act- increased the minimum U.S. residency requirement for the naturalization of aliens from five to fourteen years; empowered the President of the United States to order aliens considered â€Å"dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States† or who came from a hostile county deported or imprisoned; and restricted speech that criticized the government or government officials.   Alien and Sedition Acts Key Takeaways The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed in 1798 by the 5th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President John Adams.The four national security bills were passed amid fears that a war with France could not be avoided.The four acts were: the Naturalization Act, the Alien Friends Act, the Alien Enemies Act, and the Sedition Act.The Alien and Sedition Acts restricted the rights and actions of immigrants and limited the freedoms of speech and of the press contained in the Constitution’s First Amendment.The Sedition Act, limiting the freedoms of speech and of the press, was by far the most controversial of the four laws.The Alien and Sedition Acts were also a part of a power struggle between America’s first two political parties; the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party. While presented on the premise of preparing for war, the laws were also part of a larger power struggle between the nation’s first two political parties- the Federalist Party and the Anti-federalist, Democratic-Republican Party. The negative public opinion of the Federalist-backed Alien and Sedition Acts proved a major factor in the controversial 1800 presidential election, in which Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson defeated incumbent federalist President John Adams. The Political Aspect When John Adams was elected as the second President of the United States in 1796, his Federalist Party, which favored a strong federal government, had started losing its political dominance. Under the Electoral College system at the time, Thomas Jefferson, of the opposing Democratic-Republican Party, had been elected as Adams’ vice president. Democratic-Republicans- especially Jefferson- believed the states should have more power and accused the Federalists of trying to turn the United States into a monarchy.   When the Alien and Sedition Acts came before Congress, the laws’ Federalist backers argued they would strengthen America’s security during the looming war with France. Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans opposed the laws, calling them an attempt to silence and disenfranchise voters who disagreed with the Federalist Party by violating the right of freedom of speech in the First Amendment. At a time when most immigrants supported Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans, the Naturalization Act raised the minimum residency requirement to qualify for American citizenship from five to 14 years.The Alien Friends Act empowered the president to deport or jail any immigrant deemed to be â€Å"dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States† at any time.The Alien Enemies Act authorized the president to deport or jail any male immigrant above age 14 from a â€Å"hostile nation† during times of war.Finally, and most controversially, the Sedition Act restricted speech considered critical of the federal government. The law prevented people accused of violating the Sedition Act from using the fact that their critical statements had been true as a defense in court. As a result, several newspaper editors who criticized the Federalist Adams administration were convicted of violating the Sedition Act. The XYZ Affair and the Threat of War Their fight over the Alien and Sedition Acts was just one example of how America’s first two political parties were split over foreign policy. In 1794, Britain was at war with France. When Federalist President George Washington signed the Jay Treaty with Britain it greatly improved Anglo-American relations but enraged France, America’s Revolutionary War ally.   Shortly after taking office in 1797, President John Adams tried to smooth things over with France by sending diplomats Elbridge Gerry, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and John Marshall to Paris to meet face-to-face with French foreign minister, Charles Talleyrand. Instead, Talleyrand sent three of his representatives- referred to as X, Y, and Z by President Adams- who demanded a $250,000 bribe and a $10 million loan as conditions of meeting with Talleyrand. After the U.S. diplomats rejected Talleyrand’s demands, and the American people became angered by the so-called XYZ Affair, fears of an outright war with France spread. While it never escalated beyond a series of naval confrontations, the resulting undeclared Quasi-War with France further strengthened the Federalists argument for passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.   Sedition Act Passage and Prosecutions Not surprisingly, the Sedition Act evoked the most heated debate in the Federalist-controlled Congress. In 1798, as it is today, sedition is defined as the crime of creating a revolt, disturbance, or violence against lawful civil authority- the government- with the intent to cause its overthrow or destruction. Loyal to Vice President Jefferson, the Democratic-Republican minority argued the Sedition Act violated the First Amendment’s protection of freedom of speech and the press. However, President Adams’ Federalist majority prevailed, arguing that under both U.S. and British common law, seditious acts of libel, slander, and defamation had long been punishable offenses and that freedom of speech should not protect seditious false statements. President Adams signed the Sedition Act into law on July 14, 1798, and by October, Timothy Lyon, a Democratic-Republican congressman from Vermont, had become the first person convicted of violating the new law. During his current reelection campaign, Lyon had published letters criticizing Federalist Party policies in Republican-leaning newspapers. A grand jury indicted him on charges sedition for publishing material with â€Å"intent and design† to defame the U.S. government in general and President Adams personally. Acting as his own defense attorney, Lyon argued that he had no intent to harm the government or Adams by publishing the letters and that Sedition Act was unconstitutional. Despite being supported by popular opinion, Lyon was convicted and sentenced to four months in jail and fined $1,000, a sizable amount at a time when members of the House received no salary and were paid only a $1.00 per diem. While still in prison, Lyon easily won reelection and later overcame a Federalist motion to expel him from the House. Perhaps of more historic interest was the Sedition Act conviction of political pamphleteer and journalist James Callender. In 1800, Callender, originally a backer of Republican Thomas Jefferson, was sentenced to nine months in jail for what a grand jury called his â€Å"false, scandalous, and malicious writing, against the said President of the United States,† then Federalist John Adams. From jail, Callender continued to write widely-published articles supporting Jefferson’s 1800 campaign for president. After Jefferson won the controversial 1800 presidential election, Callender demanded that he be appointed to a postmaster position in return for his â€Å"services.† When Jefferson refused, Callender turned on him, taking his revenge by publishing the first evidence supporting the long-rumored claim that Jefferson had fathered children by his slave Sally Hemings. Including Lyon and Callender, at least 26 people- all opposing the Adams administration- were prosecuted for violating the Sedition Act between 1789 and 1801. The Legacy of the Alien and Sedition Acts Prosecutions under the Sedition Act spurred protests and widespread debate over the meaning of freedom of the press in the context of political speech. Credited as being the deciding factor in Jefferson’s election in 1800, the law represented the worst mistake of John Adams’ presidency. By 1802, all of the Alien and Sedition Acts except the Alien Enemies Act had been allowed to expire or had been repealed. The Alien Enemies Act remains in effect today, having been amended in 1918 to allow the deportation or imprisonment of women. The law was used during World War II to order the confinement of more than 120,000 Americans of Japanese descent in internment camps until the end of the war. While the Sedition Act violated key provisions of the First Amendment, the current practice of â€Å"Judicial Review,† empowering the Supreme Court to consider the constitutionality of laws and executive branch actions had not yet been perfected. Sources and Further Reading â€Å"The Alien and Sedition Acts: Defining American Freedom.† Constitutional Rights Foundationâ€Å"Alien and Sedition Acts.† The Avalon Project at Yale Law School  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Our Documents: Alien and Sedition Acts.† National Archives and Records Administrationâ€Å"The thin-skinned president who made it illegal to criticize his office.† The Washington Post (September 8, 2018)Ragsdale, Bruce A. â€Å"The Sedition Act Trials.† Federal Judicial Center (2005)

How to quit smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

How to quit smoking - Essay Example There are several methods that can help to quit smoking. Nicotine gum is one method that can help to quit smoking only when it is used to as a program to change the behavior. Nicotine gum can help to control cravings and also withdrawal symptom. It can help to double the rate of quitting. It can become hard for people to quit smoking when they are addicted towards it. Nicotine gum contains nicotine which makes people to addict towards smoking. Nicotine released after chewing nicotine gum helps to replace some of the nicotine that was stored during smoking cigarettes. Nicotine level in the gun is in less quantity that that of cigarettes. It can help to reduce withdrawal symptoms such as frustration, irritability, anger and anxiety (Krumhol, 2002). Nicotine gum helps to avoid Carbon monoxide and other harmful chemicals that acquired from smoking. Most smokers want to quit smoking but the addiction towards it makes difficult. Of course one needs good support to help them quit smoking (Goldberg, 2009). Nicotine gum is the first step that can help to quit smoking (Gansler, 2010). Ultimately it is up to the smoker to decide what is good for them. Smokers who are prepared to quit smoking must have this gum to control their urge to quit smoking (Brannon, 2013). The urge of s moking may evolve only when someone quit smoking. But people who want to quit smoking must be prepared to control their addiction. But if someone don’t plan for their urges then they are most likely to smoke again (Hales, 2008). Nicotine gums helps to remove cravings that are caused by smoking. People must have sufficient willpower to quit smoking. Nicotine gum is helpful when people are strongly tempted towards smoking (Carlson, 2004). Each puff of smoking cigarette emits 4700 different harmful chemical compounds. Information shows that are very fatal and every day millions of people die to smoking (Foody, 2007). In short smokers can get many types of diseases; one of

Volcanic impact on environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Volcanic impact on environment - Essay Example The exploitation of these materials in turn has a direct impact on the environment.† (Marti and Ernst, xiii) Significantly, the direct and indirect impact of volcanoes on the environment and society requires significant public awareness as volcanic eruptions never get public attention unless when people and buildings are harmed directly by these volcanoes. The crucial impact of hazardous volcanic processes on the environment and the society needs to be analyzed comprehensively and it is important to realize that the direct volcano hazards include fall processes, flowage processes, and other processes, while the indirect volcano hazards include earthquakes and ground movement, tsunami, atmospheric impact and climate change, etc. A profound analysis of the volcanic impact on the environment confirms that the volcanic eruptions are extremely harmful to the environment, primarily because of the number of toxic gases emitted in the process. Significantly, the toxic gases emitted in volcanic eruptions include carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, carbon monoxide, volatile metal chlorides, etc. and these are extremely hazardous to the environment. This paper makes a reflective exploration of the volcanic impact on the environment in order to discover the various hazardous ways in which volcanic eruptions and process influence the environment and the society, directly and indirectly. One of the major research questions of an analysis of the volcanic impact on the environment should be how the volcanic gases have

Steam Coal Crushing Plant Essay Example for Free

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Caryl Churchill’s play Far Away and Jane Taylor’s Ubu and the Truth Com

Caryl Churchill’s play Far Away and Jane Taylor’s Ubu and the Truth Commission Caryl Churchill’s play Far Away and Jane Taylor’s Ubu and the Truth Commission are two plays that both concern violent, corrupt political systems, but each playwright goes about confronting these issues in a quite different style. Jane Taylor structures her work with an omniscient perspective that allows the audience to see the reality of what is happening at all times, while Churchill utilizes a limited perspective that leaves the audience as unaware of the truth as her characters. These approaches result in two plays that are very different in character, but at the same time, both of the works successfully create a similar uneasy, frightening atmosphere that is effective in impressing upon the audience the dangers and injustices of such violent governments Ubu, the main character of Ubu and the Truth Commission, is a corrupt dictator faced with the ramifications of the cruel and violent actions of his government. Throughout the play he grapples with truth; during the course of the action he hesitates about telling the truth about his involvement in the affairs, tries to cover up the evidence, and ultimately gives false testimony, claiming innocence. In the end his dishonesty prevails, and the truth commission fails. The political head and the military leader head of Brutus escape punishment while the army head is done away with, and Ubu himself is let off his charges. The final scene closes on Ubu, his wife, and Niles, the crocodile representing the rich white population, sailing away free directly in the face of an eye symbolizing truth. Despite the failure of truth in this play, the facts are not hidden from the audience – Taylor lea... ...hes its purpose in a different manner. Taylor’s blunt symbolism displays the truth openly to the audience in order to place emphasis on the injustice of the outcome of such government. The bitter irony and sinister characters combined with the horrifying tales of the witness puppets create a truly uneasy atmosphere that serves her purpose well. In contrast to this omniscient viewpoint, Churchill produces a world in which the truth is hidden from the audience as well as the characters. This choice puts the audience in a position of great anxiety as well and just as effectively communicates the potential dangers of such an environment. Both Caryl Churchill and Jane Taylor explore the horrors of corrupt government with dramatically different methods, but both successfully construct worlds that force the audience to deal with these issues involving truth and corruption.

Commentary on John Keats’s Poems Essay

O golden-tongued Romance with serene lute! Fair plumed Syren! Queen of far away! Leave melodizing on this wintry day, Shut up thine olden pages, and be mute: Adieu! for once again the fierce dispute, Betwixt damnation and impassion’d clay Must I burn through; once more humbly assay The bitter-sweet of this Shakespearian fruit. Chief Poet! and ye clouds of Albion, Begetters of our deep eternal theme, When through the old oak forest I am gone, Let me not wander in a barren dream, But when I am consumed in the fire, Give me new Phoenix wings to fly at my desire. COMMENTARY : The poem under study was written in 1818 after the completion of John Keats’s 4,000-line poem Endymion. We are facing a traditional and fixed form of poem as â€Å"Sitting Down to Read King Lear Once Again† is an Elizabethan sonnet  composed of fourteen lines which are divided up into three quatrains, that is four-line stanzas, and a final couplet -or two lines of verse. The rhyming pattern is abba, cddc, efef, gg as, notably â€Å"Lute† (l.1) rhymes with â€Å"mute† (l.4), â€Å"far-away† (l.2) with â€Å"day† (l.3) and â€Å"dispute† (l.5) with â€Å"fruit† (l.8). Moreover, the lines are iambic pentameters since they contain five iambic feet for instance : _ / _ / _ / _ / _ / â€Å"O Gol/den-tongued /Romance, /with se/rene Lute!† Like most of Keats’s poems, this text deals with the speaker’s encounter with something which incites him to meditate and alters significantly his vision of life. It is the perusal of King Lear written by William Shakespeare in 1605 which affects him this time and this is not a first reading judging by the presence of â€Å"Once Again† in the title. Keats was a great admirer of Shakespeare. The theme of death, which is one of Keats’s main concerns, is latent in the poem. This sonnet’s thought can be divided into four parts. Firstly, chivalric romances are praised and put aside. Secondly, the effects they provoke are contrasted with those engendered by the reading of King Lear. Thirdly, the speaker begs Shakespeare and heaven , his sources of inspiration, to help him. Finally, he compares himself to the Phoenix, which has the power to be immortal. To begin with, the first quatrain opens with the interjection â€Å"O† which is by definition used to express strong feelings. Indeed, the poem is charged with lyricism, the two exclamation marks contributing to it among other things. In this way, we are conscious from the beginning that the speaker ‘s rereading of Shakespeare’s tragedy makes him profoundly react. Then, the term â€Å"Romance† refers to medieval romance, a form of narrative which developed in the 12th century and related tales of chivalry and courtly love. Its heroes were idealized and the plot often contained  miraculous or supernatural elements such as dragons or monsters fighting for the sake of the heroine. The adjective which qualifies this genre of literature, that is â€Å"Golden-tongued†, means that it is wonderfully narrated. Besides, it can be paralleled with â€Å"the realms of gold† Keats refers to in the same first line of the sonnet â€Å"Upon First Looking into Chapman’s Homer†, the phrase being there a metaphor for books he highly values. Next, the lute is a stringed instrument, whose music acts as an enchantment on readers and leads them to sweet thoughts. This first line is basically an apostrophe since the speaker directly addresses â€Å"Golden-tongued Romance† thus personifying it. The â€Å"Fair plumed Syren† is praised as well, the poet considering her a royal person -a â€Å"Queen†- who â€Å"melodiz[es]† (l.3). She is also present in the romance in question. A siren, in Greek mythology, is one of the three sea nymphs, usually represented with the head of a woman and the body of a bird. They inhabited an island surrounded by dangerous rocks and sang so enchantingly that all who heard were drawn near or shipwrecked. The tune produced by the lute can be compared to the bewitching one sang by the siren which irresistibly attracts the poet to like this kind of literature. But, the lexical field of pleasure including â€Å"serene Lute†, â€Å"Fair plumed Syren† and â€Å"melodizing† among other things is contrasted with more negative phrases such as â€Å"wintry day†, â€Å"Shut up† and â€Å"mute†. This indicates that the poet is willing to wander from the sweet thoughts these readings generate, the â€Å"Golden-tongued Romance† being a synecdote for chivalric romances in general. Moreover, the personification process is extended on line 4 since â€Å"Golden-tongued Romance† is addressed as though it was endowed with life and speech. Indeed, â€Å"thine (†¦) Pages† are the book’s. Moreover, the siren is used as a metonymy for the narrative insofar as the poet combines the two on line 4, the predicates â€Å"Shut up† and â€Å"be mute† referring to the nymph. Finally, the adjective â€Å"olden† alludes to this literature’s ancient existence. In short, this first quatrain deals with the poet’s liking for medieval romances insisting on their enchanting power. Nevertheless, the latter wishes to dismiss them from his mind. And prosopopeia is aimed at showing that he is deeply affected by his rereading of King Lear. The second stanza is going to contrast images of beauty with what Shakespeare’s tragedy displays. Next, the second quatrain begins with the poet bidding farewell to pleasant meditations. But, we should first and foremost put this sonnet back in its context. We can easily presume that it is autobiographic, thus that Keats reveals us his own worries. In 1818, he is aware that he has short time left to live due to the fatal illness he is suffering from, that is tuberculosis. Moreover, we have already realized that he is scared of death, particularly in his â€Å"When I have fears that I may cease to be†. In the second stanza, the lexical field of hell is present through â€Å"fierce†, â€Å"damnation† and â€Å"burn through†. And the predicate â€Å"burn through† must be taken both literally and figuratively. On the one hand, it hints at Keats’s future death. On the other, it indicates his agitation facing antagonistic directions as he is torn between hellish visions and sweeter meditations, designated by â€Å"damnation† versus â€Å"impassion’d clay†. So, â€Å"damnation† is a metaphor for the thoughts the reading of King Lear provokes while â€Å"impassion’d clay† refers to those generated by chivalric romances. The word â€Å"clay† probably makes reference to the Bible as the sacred book states that God made the human body with this material. So, it symbolizes fecundity and regeneration in other words life. Thus, it is tempting to infer that romances allow the poet to escape from reality whereas King Lear’s tragic fate reminds him of his bad condition. The second part of the quatrain deals with the poet’s will to concentrate on  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Shaksperean fruit† in other words on King Lear itself. While the first stanza introduced his liking for romances, this one gradually leads us to the subject of the poem – i.e. the feelings and thoughts the reading of the tragedy trigger. King Lear is quite a sad story as it deals among other things with consequences of the fatal mistake the eponymous character makes at retirement as he divides his kingdom between two of his daughters Goneril and Regan thinking that the youngest Cordelia is the one who loves him the least. Once he realizes that his trusted girls intend to drive him away, he leaves them. Cordelia, disowned, became Queen of France. She is informed of the situation and lands on her father’s old kingdom with an army to fight the other girls’. The play ends in a disaster since Goneril, ashamed because unmasked by her husband, who had not known how wicked his wife was, suicides herself after having poisoned her sister Regan, out of a spirit of jealousy. And Cordelia, defeated by her sisters, is hung in prison. Lear dies last, his dear daughter in his arms. The adjective â€Å"bitter-sweet† (l.8) hints at both the pleasure the speaker takes rereading the story and aforementioned sad thoughts. The death of the characters actually reminds him he is to die soon. To summarize, literature acts as a catalyst on Keats since it makes him meditate. And between the images of beauty romances trigger and the unhappy thoughts King Lear provokes, he finally chooses to concentrate on Shakespeare. The reasons of this choice are going to be given in the third stanza. The third quatrain begins in the same way as the second, with an exclamation. â€Å"Chief Poet!† is a characteristic attributed to Shakespeare. In fact, the speaker aims at emphasizing his admiration for the playwright. Then, Albion is the name given by elders to Great Britain because of its white cliffs -in Latin albus means white. This is also where King Lear takes place. And a theme, in a work of literature is an idea that the writer develops or  repeats. If we take into account this definition, â€Å"Chief Poet! and ye clouds of Albion, Begetters of our deep eternal theme!† may mean that Shakespeare and Great Britain are the poet’s inexhaustible inspiration. Next, the speaker identifies with Lear on line 11. When the latter realizes that what Goneril and Regan really want is to chase him away, he leaves. It is a wild and stormy night and he wanders about the fields half mad with misery. So, lines 11 and 12 allude to that very episode in the tragedy. This is an instance of intertextuality. In addition, we can perceive the presence of heaven in this stanza. First, the phrase â€Å"clouds of Albion† reminds us of that biblical place which is usually imagined as being high up in the sky. And spirits walking on clouds are often pictured. Moreover, the fact that Great Britain is named Albion because of its white cliffs conveys the idea of a bridge between earth and heaven or life and death. Next, the â€Å"old oak forest† is highly symbolical. In many traditions, the oak is a sacred tree which is vested with privileges of heaven’s supreme divinity. It is also considered as an intermediary between earth where it puts its roots and the vault of the sky that it touches with its top. That is probably due to its majestic appearance and because it attracts lightning. So, the â€Å"oak forest† can be regarded as a sacred and secluded place, in other words as a kind of sanctuary in which the poet roams waiting for his impending death. Personification is also used as the subject of the predicate â€Å"Let me not wander in a barren dream† is not only â€Å"Chief Poet† but also â€Å"clouds of Albion†. Keats’s fear to die is perceived in that line and begging the deceased playwright to save him is a way of highlighting his sacredness. Let us remind of Keats’s admiration for Shakespeare. Therefore, the Elizabethan writer and heaven’s importance are dealt with. They are the source of the speaker’s inspiration and his saviour. The final couplet is about the poet’s yearning to be reincarnated. Lastly, the legend of the Phoenix is introduced. In ancient Greek and Egyptian mythology, it is a bird. When it felt its death approaching -every 500 or 1461 years-, it would build a nest of aromatic wood, set it on fire and was consumed by the flames. When it was burned, a new phoenix sprang forth from the pyre. In these two lines, the poet compares himself to the mythical bird endowing himself with the same powers as its own, that is those of resurrection and immortality. Indeed, he is tormented by his impending death and yearns to be immortal, what he achieves in a way since 175 years after his death, he is still much read, valued and studied in universities. To conclude, it is pensive introspection in the form of lyric poetry on a young man’s impending death. We are made aware of Keats’s visionary experience rereading King Lear. His liking for romances is highlighted nevertheless he chooses to concentrate on Shakespeare’s masterpiece as it makes him think about his worries. Indeed, literature acts as a catalyst for meditation. Finally, we focus on the poet’s fear of death and yearning for immortality.

Comparison of Eastern and Western Architecture

The comparison and contrast of the western architecture and eastern architectureWhat makes a edifice outstanding and became a typical logo of the metropolis and even the state. It’s non easily for a architecture to pull the travel partisans and the travellers all over the universe. Many of the edifices and constructions featured are celebrated for their beauty. Others have become celebrated for their inventiveness or their historical significance. There are many similarities and differences between Eastern and Western architectural. Their edifice manner, history, stuffs, map and even significance and influence are form more and less difference. Take Chinese Forbidden metropolis and the Buckingham Palace for illustration, they both represent the representative edifice of their state and impact occurred on modern designer ‘s design. As for architectural manner, the Forbidden metropolis and Buckingham Palace reflected the Eastern and Western’s cultural differences. Infected by their civilization, the architectural manner of Chinese traditional manner with particular accent on â€Å" additive beauty † , pay attending to the flow lines of tune. The Forbidden city’s beams, columns, roof can show â€Å" line † artistic entreaty, as in the remainder of the top of the mountain edifice eaves deliberately made aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹slightly to the sides form a high rise, but made aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹clear the warped corner subdivision, instead steep roof upper and lower more soft, so both for rainwater drainage, but besides contributing to the sunlight and airing. Pursuit of temper and thought heavy moralss embodied in the Chinese ancient edifices really evident when architectural manner, tend to their societal content and symbolism outstanding place on the influential, while besides concentrating on practicality. It’s evidently that the construction contacts the particular Chinese civilization and is practical. In the same context, the Buckingham Palace titling emphasizes â€Å" form United States â€Å" , originated in classical Grecian aesthetics that † the United States in the signifier of objects. Both Forbidden metropolis and Buckingham Palace has long history. In the Middle Ages, the site of the future castle formed portion of the Manor of Ebury. Owners included Edward the Confessor and his queen consort Edith of Wessex in late Saxon times, and, after the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror. William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville, who bequeathed it to the monastics of Westminster Abbey. In 1531, Henry VIII acquired the Hospital of St James from Eton College, and in 1536 he took the Manor of Ebury from Westminster Abbey. These transportations brought the site of Buckingham Palace back into royal custodies for the first clip since William the Conqueror had given it off about 500 old ages before. Finally, in the late seventeenth century, the freehold was inherited from the belongings baron Sir Hugh Audley by the great inheritress Mary Davies. Likewise, the Forbidden metropolis got through a long period excessively. Beijing Forbidden City began building of Emperor Yongle in AD 1406, was rejected Yuan air conveyance, fundamentally non built on the footing of most of the Yuan Dynasty castle, instead eastward 150 m, re-created from the castle, the castle walls of the castle, including all were re-built, larger than most of the castle, somewhat less than the Forbidden City in Nanjing, a former interior decorator for artisan craftsmen Queen Kuai Xiang, inaugurated in 1420 AD, built from 1420 to about 500 in 1911 between the Qing emperor to renounce, Ming, A sum of 24 Emperor Qing dynasties lived in the Forbidden City. The differentiation on the edifice stuffs is besides a different factor of the edifice manner. In ancient times, Chinese designers used wood as the chief edifice stuffs while Western designers used masonries as their chief stuffs. The most stuffs of the Forbidden metropolis are wood, but because of Forbidden City pick 15 sorts of cherished and timber corrosion, it still protect wholly and won’t cause problem. On the other manus, Buckingham Palace’s facade ornament stuffs are the Bath limestone. These two sort of stuff choice make the edifice have different visual aspect. Many visitants surprised at these wholly different architectural manner edifice from their ain state, the pick of the wood and rock greatly depend the difference of Eastern and Western architecture. With the clip fly, the pick of stuffs change a batch and until now, Eastern state and Western state non merely retained their choice featured on co-workers, but besides learn from each other’s specializer, the interior decorator utilizing different edifice stuffs to make a more originative and typical architectural. The Forbidden City and Buckingham Palace’s map alteration but they are still be used now. Buckingham Palace has served as the official London abode of Britain ‘s crowned heads since 1837 and today is the administrative central office of the Monarch. Although in usage for the many official events and responses held by The Queen, the State Rooms at Buckingham Palace are unfastened to visitants every twelvemonth. The Palace is really much a working edifice and the centerpiece of Britain ‘s constitutional monarchy. It houses the offices of those who support the daily activities and responsibilities of The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh and their immediate household. The Palace is besides the locale for great Royal ceremonials, State Visits and Investitures, all of which are organised by the Royal Household. Although Buckingham Palace is furnished and decorated with invaluable plants of art that form portion of the Royal Collection, one of the major art aggregations in the universe today. It is non an art gallery and nor is it a museum. More than 50,000 people visit the Palace each twelvemonth as invitees to feasts, tiffins, dinners, responses and the Royal Garden Parties. On contrast, the Forbidden metropolis has apply for World Heritage and it is unfastened for tourers. Forbidden City, two thousand old ages of development in China and East Asia pinnacle of classical architecture, has been impacting the subsequent development of Chinese architecture, every bit good as supplying inspiration for many plants of art. The significance and influence of the Forbidden metropolis and Buckingham Palace is Considerable. Their architecture is a theoretical account for modern construction interior decorator. Walking in the Forbidden City, the artistic consequence of the sort of infinite sequence degree by constructing depth intervention group obtained. Like a Chinese coil appreciate it, to get down with the image of piecewise, people ever with a sense of expectancy, looking frontward to the apogee and coronating touch screen show, therefore heightening the entreaty of the work of art. It is for this ground, the edifice generated after go forthing their old age, still can connotation artistic appeal. To open a new epoch of people ‘s heads casement, giving the joy of beauty. Ancient edifices across clip and infinite is like a span linking the deceased and present, giving the midst ambiance and beauty. Hypertext transfer protocol: //wenku.baidu.com/view/0f86042d0066f5335a812165.html

Nora. (Hendrik Ibsens A Dolls House) The influences behind, and overall aims of, Naturalistic theatre.

Nora. (Hendrik Ibsens A Dolls House) The influences behind, and overall aims of, Naturalistic theatre. Free Online Research Papers At first, it is necessary to mention that all the terms which are connected to ‘Naturalistic theatre’ in this paper are used in the meaning they had in the 19th century. Since the terms naturalism’, ‘naturalistic’ or ‘naturalist’ were already used in ancient philosophy it is important to point out that all these terms that describe a certain element or phenomena in literature, science, theatre or society, are in this case always linked to their definitions, descriptions and influences of and in the 19th century. Hendrik Ibsen’s Norwegian middle-class family was very educated and well situated, so Ibsen was familiar with the elements of the time he was living in, such as the starting and ongoing industrialisation. However, Ibsen had a difficult childhood; the depression of his father and the aim to keep something in the family to hide it from the society is reflected in a lot of his plays. After he wanted to become a painter in his childhood, Ibsen started to be an author in the age of 16 when he left his family in Skien to start an apprenticeship as a pharmacist in Grimstad. He was very interested in proclamation of the French Republic in 1848, which took place when he was about 20 years old. Therefore this political event and its following influences on Germany, Austria, Czech and Italy, for example the Franco-Prussian war and the American-civil war became an important influence on him and his work: ‘The cry of revolution came to him, of revolution faint indeed and broken, the voice of a minority appealing frantically and for a moment against the overwhelming forces of a respectable majority, but it came to him just at the moment when his young spirit was prepared to receive it with faith and joy. The effect on Ibsens character was sudden and it was final []’ These movements and changes all over Europe were undoubtedly shaping factors for the development of Naturalism and its effects on society, science, philosophy and ethical trends of the 19th century. ‘The cry of revolution’ explains the focus on social topics of even other classes of society in Naturalistic theatre like family, marriage and the struggling with everyday-problems. Another influence which led to the concentration on presenting characters as case studies in human behaviour or social problems was Karl Marx’s analysis of society; the German philosopher published ‘Das Kapital’ in 1867. Marx’ political philosophy argued against urbanisation and for a more equal distribution of wealth, which coincided with ‘the struggle for legal equality and voting rights’ in Europe, as well as ‘with a new sense of national identity in Scandinavia, and with the liberation of the serfs in Russia.’ Additionally, it is necessary to mention that the impact of science was noticeable in Naturalistic theatre as well. One of the most important examples is Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, published in ‘On the Origin of Species’ in 1859, where he suggests that life developed gradually from common ancestry and that life favoured â€Å"survival of the fittest† by a process of natural selection. ‘These new ideas led to the assumption that peoples’ character and personality are formed by a combination of heredity and their social environment, plus the value placed on the individual. This meant that ordinary citizens, including workers and the poor () became the protagonists, and attention focussed on the family.’ Naturalistic theatre no longer portrayed only aristocrats but also middle-class and working-class characters and their issues and concerns. Though female characters were often the focus of naturalistic plays, and though the early women’s movement was often reflected in naturalistic plays the connection between Naturalism and the movement for the emancipation of women in naturalistic society, literature and theatre should be challenged since these plays and novels were predominantly written by men. The 1879 play ‘A Doll’s House’ mirrors a Victorian marriage; Nora Helmer has three young children with her husband Torvald, who just got a better position in a bank, they even have a maid, a nurse and a servant. Their children do not play a big part in the play at all, but that the relationship full of secrets, between the couple Nora and Torvald, is established by Ibsen within the first scenes. Nora is always the focus of the action and the first two persons she has to deal with are Torvald and after that, her old friend, Mrs. Linde visits her; the two women did not see each other for nearly ten years. First of all, Nora is coming back from her Christmas shopping tour and hides the macaroons she bought for herself from her husband. Torvald talks to her as she would be a puppy who needs to be educated: ‘Is it my little squirrel bustling about?’ It sounds like Torvald would not take his wife and mother of their three children too seriously: ‘Has nt Miss Sweet-Tooth been breaking rules in town today?’ Nora did ‘break rules’ by buying macaroons, which appears childish and a little bit ridiculous to the reader. In this first scene Ibsen already establishes that Torvald has very fixed and definite opinions about things, such as borrowing money: ‘But seriously, Nora, you know what I think about that. No debt, no borrowing. There can be no freedom or beauty about a home life that depends on borrowing and debt. We two have kept bravely on the straight road so far, and we will go on the same way for the short time longer that there need be any struggle.’ The reader feels the slight pressure Torvald is giving her and knows why Nora might have secrets she keeps for herself. This is important for the following scene with the widow Mrs. Linde who lost everything and now asks Nora for a job in Torvald’s office. Christine Linde knows Nora from earlier times and assumes that Nora did not change in the years: ‘How kind you are, Nora, to be so anxious to help me! It is doubly kind in you, for you know so little of the burdens and troubles of life.’ Nora’s answer is quite significant: ‘You are just like all the others. They all think that I am incapable of anything really serious- ‘. In passing, Nora tells her the secret of her life: years ago she borrowed money from someone to take Torvald to Italy for one year but she told Torvald it would be her father’s money. Nora’s father died before they left for Italy which actually saved Torvald’s life because he was seriously ill. Christin e’s rather shocked reaction represents the Victorian ideas and norms of women or wife’s behaviour: ‘No, a wife cannot borrow without her husbands consent.’ This is where the main conflict of the whole play is transparent: ‘Is it imprudent to save your husbands life?’ asks Nora. Later, Nora is forced to talk to Mr. Krogstad who is a widow and a lawyer, and from whom she borrowed the needed money. Since he is in a very bad position, Krogstad wants to push Nora to use her influence on Torvald for saving Krogstad’s reputation and therefore the future of his children. He found out that Nora’s father did not sign the paper for borrowing money but Nora herself, which is forgery. While Mrs. Linde embodies what women in the Victorian era were supposed to be and supposed to do, Krogstad’s position represents the actual social position of women in society and in their marriage by law. ‘Nora: You? Do you ask me to believe that you were brave enough to run a risk to save your wifes life. Krogstad: The law cares nothing about motives. Nora: Then it must be a very foolish law. Krogstad: Foolish or not, it is the law by which you will be judged, if I produce this paper in court.’ The very detailed description Ibsen gives the reader about the room, furniture and decoration as well as about the appearing persons and their clothes and habits, is an important element of Naturalistic theatre. With the help of those clear and concrete details, it is easier to create a very complete picture of a person or a situation, due to a perfect illusion. Those descriptions are also linked to the supposition that individuals are greatly influenced by their environment, which includes how they live and which persons like friends and family surrounds them. Moreover it is another step to the exact analysis of man, which was also an idea of Naturalistic Theatre. That something or someone can have an extremely bad influence on others is a main concept of ‘A Doll’s House’ and leads to the conflict between Nora and Torvald which changes everything. Darwin’s claim of the inheritance appears several times: ‘You are an odd little soul. Very like your father. You always find some new way of wheedling money out of me, and, as soon as you have got it, it seems to melt in your hands. You never know where it has gone. Still, one must take you as you are. It is in the blood; for indeed it is true that you can inherit these things, Nora.’ In opposite of being created by a Divine Will, man is quite close to the animal level, at the same time as life is a permanent struggle. Furthermore, with the impact of science on society evokes the idea that science could be the solution for human problems. This is an enormous contrast to the idealization of man by the Romantics for example. ‘Helmer. Because such an atmosphere of lies infects and poisons the whole life of a home. Each breath the children take in such a house is full of the germs of evil. Nora (coming nearer him): Are you sure of that? Helmer: My dear, I have often seen it in the course of my life as a lawyer. Almost everyone who has gone to the bad early in life has had a deceitful mother. Nora: Why do you only say- mother? Helmer: It seems most commonly to be the mothers influence, though naturally a bad fathers would have the same result. Every lawyer is familiar with the fact. This Krogstad, now, has been persistently poisoning his own children with lies and dissimulation; that is why I say he has lost all moral character. [†¦]’ These ideas were later supported by the work on psychology of the German psychiatrist Sigmund Freud on psychology at the end of the 19th century and also influenced the Naturalistic theatre. In the second Act of ‘A Doll’s House’ Ibsen is going one step further and points out how much Nora and Torvald would clash, if he ever finds out about the ‘free will’ and the activities of his wife: ‘Helmer: Nice?- because you do as your husband wishes? Well, well, you little rogue, I am sure you did not mean it in that way. []’. Besides that, the thought of heredity comes into sight again through Dr. Rank, who is a close friend of Torvald and Nora Helmer. Dr. Rank, who secretly loves Nora, is going to die soon and only tells her about it: ‘Oh, its a mere laughing matter, the whole thing. My poor innocent spine has to suffer for my fathers youthful amusements.’ In the third act, Christine Linde and Nils Krogstad talk with each other; they know each other from earlier times and were in love with each other when they were much younger. Now they decide to live their lives together again, because Christine is alone and Krogstad’s children need a mother. Before that Krogstad wrote a letter to Helmer which tells him about the money Nora illegally borrowed from Krogstad. This letter is still in the letter box when Nora, Helmer and Dr. Rank came home from the party upstairs. When they were alone again and Torvald read the letter from Krogstad, the worst thing happens, just as Nora knew before: ‘What a horrible awakening! All these eight years- she who was my joy and pride- a hypocrite, a liar- worse, worse- a criminal! The unutterable ugliness of it all!- For shame! For shame!’ Torvald’s last sentence before Krogstad is ringing the bell is: ‘But I shall not allow you to bring up the children; I dare not trust them to you. To think that I should be obliged to say so to one whom I have loved so dearly, and whom I still- . No, that is all over. From this moment happiness is not the question; all that concerns us is to save the remains, the fragments, the appearance- ‘ Torvald reads the letter Krogstad wrote to Nora and feels absolutely released because Krogstad wrote that he will not tell a single person about the borrowed money and Torvald Helmer’s reputation is not in danger anymore. Helmer takes back all the horrible things he said to Nora but this is where she is getting very serious. Nora: That is just it; you have never understood me. I have been greatly wronged, Torvald- first by papa and then by you. Helmer: What! By us two- by us two, who have loved you better than anyone else in in the world? Nora (shaking her head): You have never loved me. You have only thought it pleasant to be in love with me. Nora realized that her husband does not love her as the woman she is but that he has an idea of what Nora as his wife is supposed to do and think. She just experienced that Torvald will let her down as soon as she does not please him anymore or does not follow his rules, not important for which reason. So she leaves him, gives him her keys and her ring and slams the door behind her. B i b l i o g r a p h i e Balme, C. B. 2009, The Cambridge Introduction to Theatre Studies. Cambridge University Press. F u r s t, L. R. and Peter N. Skrine 1971, Naturalism. Methuen Co. Ltd.: Bristol. I b s e n, H. 2005, A Doll’s House. eBook: gutenberg.net. I n n e s, C. 2000, A Sourcebook on Naturalistic Theatre. London/ New York: Routledge. Gosse, E. 2005, Henrik Ibsen. eBook: gutenberg.org. Research Papers on Nora. (Hendrik Ibsen's 'A Doll's House) The influences behind, and overall aims of, Naturalistic theatre.Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Quebec and CanadaBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementEffects of Television Violence on Children

Overview of the Last Glaciation

Overview of the Last Glaciation When did the last Ice Age occur? The worlds most recent glacial period began about 110,000 years ago and ended around 12,500 years ago. The maximum extent of this glacial period was the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and it occurred around 20,000 years ago. Although the Pleistocene Epoch experienced many cycles of glacials and interglacials (the warmer periods between the colder glacial climates), the last glacial period is the most heavily studied and best-known portion of the worlds current ice age, especially with regard to North America and northern Europe. The Geography of the Last Glacial Period At the time of the LGM (map of glaciation), approximately 10 million square miles (~ 26 million square kilometers) of the earth was covered by ice. During this time, Iceland was completely covered as was much of the area south of it as far as the British Isles. In addition, northern Europe was covered as far south as Germany and Poland. In North America, all of Canada and portions of the United States were covered by ice sheets as far south as the Missouri and Ohio Rivers. The Southern Hemisphere experienced the glaciation with the Patagonian Ice Sheet that covered Chile and much of Argentina and Africa and portions of the Middle East and Southeast Asia experienced significant mountain glaciation. Because the ice sheets and mountain glaciers covered so much of the world, local names have been given to the various glaciations around the  world. The Pinedale or Fraser in the North American Rocky Mountains, Greenland, the Devensian in the British Isles, the Weichsel in Northern Europe and Scandinavia, and the Antarctic glaciations are some of the names given to such areas. Wisconsin in North America is one of the more famous and well-studied, as is the Wà ¼rm glaciation of the European Alps. Glacial Climate and Sea Level The North American and European ice sheets of the last glaciation began forming after a prolonged cold stage with increased precipitation (mostly snow in this case) took place. Once the ice sheets began forming, the cold landscape altered typical weather patterns by creating their own air masses. The new weather patterns that developed reinforced the initial weather that created them, plunging the various areas into a cold glacial period. The warmer portions of the globe also experienced a change in climate due to glaciation in that most of them became cooler but drier. For example, rainforest cover in West Africa was reduced and replaced by tropical grasslands because of a lack of rain. At the same time, most of the worlds deserts expanded as they became drier. The American Southwest, Afghanistan, and Iran are exceptions to this rule however as they became wetter once a shift in their airflow patterns took place. Finally, as the last glacial period progressed leading up to the LGM, sea levels worldwide dropped as water became stored in the ice sheets covering the world’s continents. Sea levels went down about 164 feet (50 meters) in 1,000 years. These levels then stayed relatively constant until the ice sheets began to melt toward the end of the glacial period. Flora and Fauna During the last glaciation, shifts in climate altered the world’s vegetation patterns from what they had been prior to the formation of the ice sheets. However, the types of vegetation present during the glaciation are similar to those found today. Many such trees, mosses, flowering plants, insects, birds, shelled mollusks, and mammals are examples. Some mammals also went extinct around the world during this time but it is clear that they did live during the last glacial period. Mammoths, mastodons, long-horned bison, saber-toothed cats, and giant ground sloths are among these. Human history also began in the Pleistocene and we were heavily impacted by the last glaciation. Most importantly, the drop in sea level aided in our movement from Asia into North America as the landmass connecting the two areas in Alaskas Bering Strait (Beringia) surfaced to act as a bridge between the areas. Todays Remnants of the Last Glaciation Though the last glaciation ended about 12,500 years ago, remnants of this climatic episode are common around the world today. For example, increased precipitation in North Americas Great Basin area created enormous lakes (map of lakes) in a normally dry area. Lake Bonneville was one and once covered most of what is today Utah.​ The  Great Salt Lake is todays largest remaining portion of Lake Bonneville but the old shorelines of the lake can be seen on the mountains around Salt Lake City. Various landforms also exist around the world because of the enormous power of moving glaciers and ice sheets. In Canadas Manitoba for instance, numerous small lakes dot the landscape. These were formed as the moving ice sheet gouged out the land beneath it. Over time, the depressions formed filled with water creating kettle lakes. Finally, there are many glaciers still present around the world today and they are some of the most famous remnants of the last glaciation. Most ice today is located in Antarctica and Greenland but some ice is also found in Canada, Alaska, California, Asia, and New Zealand. Most impressively though are the glaciers still found in the equatorial regions like South Americas Andes Mountains and Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa. Most of the worlds glaciers are famous today however for their significant retreats in recent years. Such a retreat represents a new shift in the earth’s climate- something that has happened time and time again over the earths 4.6 billion year history and will no doubt continue to do in the future.

With specific reference to post-1990s developments, critically Essay

With specific reference to post-1990s developments, critically evaluate the scope of the doctrine of humanitarian intervention under Article 2 of the United Nations Chapter - Essay Example â€Å"The Statute of the International Court of Justice†2 forms an integral part of â€Å"the Charter of the United Nations†3 and is annexed to it. The main objective of the Statute is â€Å"to organize the composition and the functioning of the Court†4. It is â€Å"the principal judicial body of the United nations and functions according to the â€Å"provisions of the present Statute5†. The Article 38 of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Statute is elaborated below. Various sources of the International Law have been recognized and emphasis has shifted between them over recent times. This has brought about remarkable results in creating â€Å"far reaching changes in the political shape of the world†6. The legal relationships among the different nations have undergone vast positive changes. The ICJ has the responsibility to make decisions over the disputes that are submitted to it, in â€Å"accordance with the international law7†. Being an organ of the United Nations, the Court is bound to perform its tasks â€Å"in compliance with the Charter†8 in order to promote â€Å"human rights and fundamental freedoms†9 In its functionalities the court shall apply either general or specific international conventions and establish the rules that are distinctly recognized by the concerned states. The Court will also make use of the international custom which will serve as an evidence of the common practice of acceptance of the law . The principles of law that are generally recognized by the civilized nations would be put into effect. According to the provisions mentioned in the Article 59, the process of determining rules and regulations for the nations would involve â€Å"the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations†10 and their judicial decisions. It would act as a subsidiary means towards the determination of the